HI-Q COMMERCIAL.INC PHILIPPINE INTERNATIONAL DEV'T INC. KAMPILAN MANUFACTURING CORPORATION PEONY MERCHANDISING GLOBEWIDE TRADING NORKIS TRADING CO INC. MCMASTER INTERNATIONAL SALES CARE PRODUCTS INC INFRATEX PHILIPPINES INC. PUENTESPINA ORCHIDS AND TROPICAL ARCHITECKS METAL SYSTEMS INC.
EATON INDUSTRIES PHILIPPINES LLC PH ALLEGRO MICROSYSTEMS PHILS. MONTEORO CHEMICAL CORPORATION LINKWORTH INTERNATIONAL INC.
MOBIATRIX INC INNOVISTA TECHNOLOGIES INC. ASIAWIDE REFRESHMENTS CORPORATION GX INTERNATIONAL INC. ASIAN CARMAKERS CORPORATION STRONG LINK DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION TABAQUERIA DE FILIPINAS INC. Consequently, we recommend that forest scientists change how they quantify tree spatial patterns by complimenting the traditional global analysis methods with local pattern analysis techniques, which quantify spatial heterogeneity within a study area.IMPORTER DAESANG RICOR CORPORATION WESTPOINT INDUSTRIAL SALES CO. We infer that the near-exclusive use of global pattern analysis has limited the quantity and usability of spatial reference information available to managers, has also likely limited the development and testing of novel ecological hypotheses about pattern-generating mechanisms. Restoration prescriptions and marking guidelines that explicitly incorporate within-stand spatial heterogeneity-such as by specifying the numbers and sizes of openings and tree clumps, and the number of widely-spaced single trees to retain per unit area-will improve the likelihood of restoring characteristic forest structures and the ecological processes such structures support.
These findings are important because global pattern analysis does not explicitly quantify spatial heterogeneity within a pattern, the very thing spatial reference studies seek to characterize and one of the core structural attributes treatments aim to restore.īased on these findings, we encourage managers to consciously adopt a view of forest structure that accommodates spatial heterogeneity within forest stands, and to use this conceptualization of forest structure to guide prescription development. Ripley’s K statistic, an example of global spatial pattern analysis, was the most frequently used analytic technique (38% of analyses). We documented preferential use of global pattern analysis techniques (90% of analyses) relative to local analysis techniques (10% of analyses). This mosaic structure typically manifests at scales <0.4 ha, but sometimes extends to scales as large as 4 ha, particularly on sites with fire regimes that include both low- and moderate-severity fires. The characteristic structure of fire-frequent forests is a mosaic of three elements: openings, single trees, and clumps of trees with adjacent or interlocking crowns. We identified 50 studies of tree spatial patterns in fire-frequent pine and mixed conifer forests, 25 of which documented spatial reference conditions. In this review we synthesize the available spatial reference information for fire-frequent pine and mixed-conifer forests in western North America interpret this information in the context of restoration and fuel reduction treatment design and identify areas for future research, including recommended approaches for quantifying within-stand tree spatial patterns. Within-stand spatial pattern is a fundamental attribute of forest structure and influences many ecological processes and ecosystem functions. Restoring characteristic fire regimes and forest structures are central objectives of many restoration and fuel reduction projects.
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